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After 17 years at the helm of Latin America's largest source of development financing, the President of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) is stepping down.
Enrique Iglesias is slated to pass the reins to his successor in September. Like the recent fight over the leadership position at the Organization of American States, this contest promises to be a long and arduous process of political negotiation.
As the United States attempts to maintain its traditionally hegemonic role in Latin America, Brazil is more boldly gaining some of that ground.
And with annual lending to Latin American countries surpassing US$ 8 billion annually, the IDB has significant influence over the region's economies.
The candidates are already surfacing. The most likely contenders include João Sayad, currently an IDB vice president and Brazil's choice and Luis Alberto Moreno, the Colombian ambassador to the United States, most likely to be backed by the United States.
All the candidates floated so far are men. All have backgrounds in traditional macroeconomics and government. None of them are experts in sustainable development, even though the IDB's mission, in theory, is to alleviate poverty and achieve sustainable development in Latin America.
Iglesias leaves a mixed legacy. Little has changed at the IDB since he took its helm in 1988 in terms of its development vision.
Ten years after being mandated by the governments that fund it to make environmental protection a more central focus, the IDB has failed to update the environmental guidelines it adopted in 1979.
Similarly, although IDB financing is increasingly going to large infrastructure projects that have direct impacts on indigenous populations, the bank continues to lack an explicit policy in regards to Latin America's many indigenous peoples. (1)
Washington Consensus
Following on the heels of the 1990s neo-liberalist fad commonly called "the Washington Consensus," the IDB's main contribution to the region has been assisting Latin American governments in privatizing profitable state industries, opening public service sectors to mainly foreign corporations, waving the free-trade flag, and promoting economic and infrastructure integration.
Currently, the bank's most touted projects are Plan Puebla Panama (PPP) and the South American Infrastructure Integration Initiative (IIRSA).
Their main components are pipelines, roads, dams, electric interconnection systems, and other large infrastructure projects with high environmental and social impacts for habitats and communities in their paths.
Since the establishment of the IDB's Private Sector Department (PRI) in the early 1990s, the bank has increasingly shifted its lending from the public to the private sector.
Consequently, the nature of the projects that the IDB is financing is also shifting from public services such as health and education, to large infrastructure such as roads and pipelines.
In 1992, the IDB's private sector financing was US$ 1.4 million, while in 2004, that figure grew to US$ 76.9 million.
Many of the most controversial projects in Latin America have been financed by the IDB during Iglesias' leadership.
The Yacyretá dam on the Argentina-Paraguay border has gone through two claims at the IDB's Independent Inspection Mechanism (IIM), yet the project continues to be riddled with problems that have yet to be resolved.
The Cana Brava hydroelectric dam in Brazil was also taken to the IIM, with similar results.
Possibly the most polemic project that the IDB has financed in recent years is the Camisea gas pipeline project in Peru. While ignoring the concerns of many of the affected communities as well as international environmental and human rights organizations, the IDB approved the project when construction of the pipeline was almost completed.
This gave the bank little leverage to make significant changes to the project, and limited the ability of communities to negotiate better conditions with the operators and with the government.
The pipeline opened an area of extreme biodiversity that was previously inaccessible and protected by natural barriers. A majority of the gas from Camisea is to be exported to Mexico and the United States, and won't provide energy to poor Peruvians.
Civil Society Excluded
Given the impact of the IDB's projects in the region, many citizens' groups have devoted significant energy and resources in efforts to monitor its activities. Criticism of the Bank from civil society has been less than welcome.
Although Iglesias has been willing to meet with non-governmental organizations and other citizens' groups, the results of this engagement have been minimal.
In 2003, when the IDB was undergoing its required review of the Camisea project, Iglesias agreed to meet with members of civil society who had concerns about the project's numerous environmental and social impacts.
At a breakfast meeting during the IDB's annual meeting of the Board of Governors in Milan, Italy in 2003, Iglesias acknowledged that there were problems with the project and committed to ensuring that at the very minimum the IDB would develop a policy with regards to indigenous people.
Although the process of drafting the policy has been initiated, the Camisea project was approved by the Bank in 2004, without any safeguards that might ensure that the affected populations were protected.
According to IDB policy, the bank has the obligation to consult with civil society and particularly with affected communities prior to approving high-impact projects.
It is required to consult with stakeholders before adopting the bank's operational and sector strategies, (2) and has also committed to holding consultations on several of their new policies.
In practice, however, the bank's consultation processes are little more than a rubber-stamping exercise. The IDB controls every aspect of the process. Members of the bank's staff select those who will participate in the consultations, and normally do not disclose the names of those who have been invited prior to the meetings.
This makes coordination and preparation among participants in advance difficult. Relevant documentation for the consultation is not always provided in a timely manner and in the appropriate language.
During the consultations for Camisea, many of the affected communities did not receive project documents until the day before the meeting. Additionally, the bank does not provide assistance to stakeholders to review and understand often technical documents, such as environmental impact assessments, and other related materials.
Finally, the IDB's consultations of affected communities often take place after many important aspects of the project have already been decided, such as project location and design.
In the case of the Camisea project, construction was begun before communities had a chance to provide any input, thus negating the ability of those affected to make significant changes or to reject the project altogether.
The IDB has also neglected to extend decision-making powers to Latin American and Caribbean legislators. IDB financing is negotiated between the bank and the executive branch of government.
Most countries' congresses and legislative assemblies have no say in the programs and projects that the IDB finances in their countries.
The legislative bodies of four countries in Latin America have the ability to approve IDB loans, eight can approve and ratify, and the rest have no oversight powers at all.
The structure of decision making within the bank itself is highly undemocratic. The Board of Executive Directors votes on IDB policy and approves project financing. The voting powers of each of the member states are determined by the amount of capital the country contributes to the bank's coffers.
The United States, with a 30% stake, has undue influence over the bank's direction. The borrowing members together hold 50.8% of the voting power; however, there is a potential conflict of interest in the fact that the same people who are voting for financing are the ones requesting it.
The Next President
Whoever takes over the IDB after Iglesias steps down has a significant amount of work to do to ensure that the bank fulfills its mission of poverty alleviation and sustainable development in Latin America.
He or she will need to ensure that the IDB isn't lending for the sake of lending and adding to the debt burden of already cash-strapped countries. Instead, the projects the bank finances must have a positive effect on the people of Latin America, especially the poorest.
Within the bank, the next president will need to ensure that the IDB adopts and adheres to strong environmental guidelines that will prevent projects that do more harm than good from acquiring IDB financing.
Likewise, he or she must guarantee that the policy on indigenous peoples that is approved has the direct effect of protecting indigenous peoples, and raising their standard of living without destroying their living environment.
The next president must conduct an assessment of the IDB's past activities to reevaluate its current direction and to set a new one whose only purpose is the direct betterment of the poor.
Outside the bank, the next president must commit to promoting democratic governance and respecting the will of the people, even if that may result in a rejection of the bank's own ideas.
He or she must require approval from the representative branches of governments for IDB programs and activities. All IDB projects must be reviewed and approved by the congress or legislative assembly of the implementing country.
And the bank should eliminate the grace period that it extends on new loans, since this promotes irresponsible borrowing and the potential of using IDB financing for political interests.
During his tenure, Iglesias enabled the bank to do business as usual despite strong evidence that the bank's programs were not successful at bringing Latin Americans out of poverty.
The next president must make long-overdue changes if the IDB is to survive as a development institution. The people of Latin America have shown time and time again that when traditional institutions aren't working for them, they are not afraid to replace them.
End Notes
(1) The IDB's Eighth Replenishment took place in 1994. The IDB's environment department is in the process of drafting a new Environment and Safeguards policy, which is slated to go to the Board for approval sometime this year.
The Bank's indigenous people's unit is also in the process of drafting the Bank's first Policy on Indigenous Peoples, which will also be adopted this year. It is unclear whether either of these policies will be completed and passed by the Board before Iglesias' departure.
(2) The IDB has general operational strategies and sector strategies. They are required to hold public consultations when changing these.
They also have policies, which guide the bank staff on how to implement projects. These do not have the same consultation requirements. As a response to pressure from civil society groups, the bank agreed to hold public consultations on the new environment policy and the indigenous people's policy.
Nadia Martinez is a contributor to IRC's Americas Program (online at http://americas.irc-online.org/) and a Research Fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies. She coordinates the Latin America program for the Sustainable Energy and Economy Network (SEEN, online at www.seen.org), a project of the Institute. Research assistance for the article was provided by Juan Montecino.
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